xtended

Xtended: A History of Extended Techniques in Music

Xtended music is not a genre, but rather an approach. It’s about pushing the boundaries of traditional musical performance, exploring the possibilities of instruments beyond their intended function. This involves employing “extended techniques,” methods that deviate from standard playing styles to create unique sounds and effects.

The roots of extended techniques reach far back in history, with ancient civilizations using unconventional methods for sound creation. For example, the shofar, a ram’s horn used in Jewish rituals, produces a distinct sound through overblowing and vibrato techniques.

In the 20th century, composers like Pierre Boulez and Karlheinz Stockhausen embraced extended techniques in their avant-garde compositions. They pushed the boundaries of traditional instrumentation, leading to the development of new techniques like multiphonics, microtones, and prepared piano.

Extended techniques have also found their way into popular music, with musicians like Frank Zappa and The Beatles incorporating unusual sounds and techniques into their work. Zappa, known for his experimental and satirical music, even created a whole album featuring extended techniques on the guitar, “The Grand Wazoo.” The Beatles, while not known for their extensive use of extended techniques, did experiment with instruments like the sitar and the Mellotron, creating unique sonic landscapes.

The world of extended techniques is full of quirky and humorous anecdotes:

• The legendary saxophonist John Coltrane was known for his multiphonic techniques. He achieved this by blowing a high note while simultaneously playing a lower note with the same fingering. This technique resulted in a haunting, ethereal sound, sometimes described as a “flute-like” tone.
• The avant-garde composer Harry Partch built his own instruments and created his own tuning systems. He was known for his unconventional use of instruments like the “boo-ban” and the “kithara,” both instruments he designed himself.
• The infamous guitarist Jimi Hendrix was a master of extended techniques. He famously used a small hammer to hit the strings of his guitar, creating a percussive effect. He also used his teeth, a spoon, and even a cigarette lighter to create unique sounds.

The evolution of extended techniques continues today, with contemporary artists exploring the possibilities of digital manipulation, electronic instruments, and innovative methods of sound production. This ongoing exploration ensures that the boundaries of music will continue to be pushed, challenging our perceptions of sound and creating a vibrant and evolving musical landscape.